Fahimtar Blockchain: Duban Tsarin Blockchain Ta Fuskar Sarrafa Bayanai

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1 Gabatarwa

Fasahar Blockchain ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tana tasowa daga tushen Bitcoin na cryptocurrency zuwa ingantattun tsare-tsaren distributed ledger. Blockchain na ba da damar ɓangarori masu rashin amincewa da juna su kiyaye jerin yanayin duniya yayin da suke yarjejeniya kan wanzuwar, ƙimomin, da tarihin waɗannan jihohin. Wannan takarda tana ba da cikakken bincike na tsarin blockchain ta fuskar sarrafa bayanai, tana mai da hankali musamman kan blockchain na sirri inda aka tabbatar da halartar mahalarta.

2 Binciken Tsarin Blockchain

2.1 Fasahar Distributed Ledger

Fasahar Distributed Ledger ita ce jigon tsarin blockchain, tana samar da tsarin bayanai kawai wanda nodes ke kiyayewa waɗanda ba su amince da juna sosai ba. Ana iya kallon blockchain a matsayin rajistar ma'amaloli da aka tsara, inda kowane block ya ƙunshi ma'amaloli da yawa kuma nodes suna yarjejeniya kan tsarin da aka tsara na tubalan.

2.2 Ka'idojin Yarjejeniya

Ka'idojin yarjejeniya suna ba da damar nodes na blockchain su yarda da tsarin ma'amala duk da gazawar Byzantine. Ba kamar bayanan gargajiya waɗanda suka ɗauka amintaccen yanayi ba, dole ne tsarin blockchain su jure duk wani halayen node yayin da suke kiyaye daidaiton bayanai da tsaro.

2.3 Rubutun Sirri A Cikin Blockchain

Dabarun rubutun sirri suna samar da tushen tsaro ga tsarin blockchain, gami da ayyukan hash don ingancin bayanai, sa hannun dijital don tabbatar da ainihi, da kuma rubutun sirri na maɓalli na jama'a don amintattun ma'amaloli.

2.4 Kwangiloli Masu Wayo

Kwangiloli masu wayo suna wakiltar ƙirar injin jihohi na Turing-cikakke wanda ke ba da damar rarraba, aikace-aikacen kwafi. Tsare-tsare irin su Ethereum sun faɗaɗa blockchain fiye da sauƙaƙan aikace-aikacen cryptocurrency don tallafawa jihohin da aka ayyana mai amfani da rikitaccen dabaru na kasuwanci.

3 Tsarin BLOCKBENCH

3.1 Tsari da Zane

BLOCKBENCH yana aiki azaman cikakken tsarin ma'auni wanda aka ƙera musamman don kimanta tsarin blockchain na sirri. Tsarin yana bincika aiki a fuskoki da yawa ciki har da kaya, jinkiri, iya aiki, da jurewar kuskure.

3.2 Ma'aunin Aiki

Tsarin yana auna mahimman alamomin aiki ciki har da kayan aikin ma'amala (ma'amaloli a kowace daƙiƙa), jinkiri (lokacin tabbatarwa), amfani da albarkatu (CPU, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, hanyar sadarwa), da iya aiki a ƙarƙashin girma daban-daban na hanyar sadarwa da ayyukan aiki.

4 Kimantawar Gwaji

4.1 Hanyar Bincike

Binciken ya gudanar da cikakken kimantawa na manyan tsarin blockchain guda uku: Ethereum, Parity, da Hyperledger Fabric. An ƙera gwaje-gwaje don kwaikwayon ayyukan sarrafa bayanai na ainihi da kuma auna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.2 Binciken Sakamako

Sakamakon gwaji ya bayyana manyan gibin aiki tsakanin tsarin blockchain da tsarin bayanan gargajiya. Manyan binciken sun haɗa da ciniki a cikin sararin zane, tare da Hyperledger Fabric yana nuna mafi kyawun aiki ga wasu ayyukan aiki yayin da Ethereum ya nuna ƙarfin iyawar kwangila mai wayo.

5 Aiwatarwar Fasaha

5.1 Tushen Lissafi

Tsarin Blockchain ya dogara da tushen lissafi da yawa. Ana iya ƙirar yuwuwar yarjejeniya a cikin tsarin Tabbacin-Aiki kamar haka:

$P_{consensus} = \frac{q_p}{q_p + q_h}$ inda $q_p$ shine ƙarfin haƙƙin ma'adinai na gaskiya kuma $q_h$ shine ƙarfin ma'adinai na maƙiya.

Tsaron aikin hash na rubutun sirri ya dogara da kaddarorin juriya ga karo:

$Pr[H(x) = H(y)] \leq \epsilon$ don $x \neq y$

5.2 Aiwatarwar Lamba

A ƙasa akwai misalin kwangila mai wayo da aka sauƙaƙa wanda ke nuna ainihin aikin blockchain:

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract SimpleStorage {
    mapping(address => uint256) private balances;
    
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
    
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public returns (bool) {
        require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount, "Insufficient balance");
        
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[to] += amount;
        
        emit Transfer(msg.sender, to, amount);
        return true;
    }
    
    function getBalance(address account) public view returns (uint256) {
        return balances[account];
    }
}

6 Ayyuka na Gaba da Hanyoyin Bincike

Takardar ta gano hanyoyin bincike masu yawa masu ban sha'awa don inganta aikin blockchain. Dawo daga ka'idojin ƙirar tsarin bayanai, ingantattun abubuwan da za a iya haɓaka sun haɗa da ingantattun algorithms na yarjejeniya, ingantattun injunan aiwatar da kwangila mai wayo, da kuma gine-ginen gauraye waɗanda ke haɗa blockchain tare da bayanan gargajiya.

Ayyukan gaba sun ƙunshi yankuna da yawa ciki har da sabis na kuɗi (sasantawar ciniki, sarrafa kadarori), sarrafa sarkar wadata, raba bayanan kiwon lafiya, da tsarin ainihin dijital. Halayen rashin canzawa da bayyana gaskiya na blockchain sun sa ya dace musamman ga aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar hanyoyin duba da bin ka'idoji.

Bincike na Asali

Wannan cikakken bincike na tsarin blockchain ta fuskar sarrafa bayanai ya bayyana mahimman fahimta game da halin yanzu da yuwuwar gaba na fasahar distributed ledger. Tsarin BLOCKBENCH yana ba da ingantacciyar hanya don kimanta aikin blockchain, yana nuna manyan gibobi tsakanin tsarin blockchain da bayanan gargajiya. Waɗannan binciken sun yi daidai da faɗaɗa abin lura na masana'antu, kamar waɗanda suka fito daga Tsarin Hype Cycle na Gartner don Fasahar Blockchain, wanda ke sanya blockchain a matsayin motsi zuwa "Plateau of Productivity" bayan wucewa ta "Peak of Inflated Expectations."

Cinikin aikin da aka gano a cikin binciken ya nuna manyan ƙalubale na asali wajen cimma duka rarrabawa da babban aiki. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, tsarin blockchain yana fuskantar iyakokin iya aiki saboda hanyoyin yarjejeniya da kuma ƙarin kuɗin rubutun sirri. Duk da haka, ci gaban kwanan nan a dabarun sharding, kama da waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin Ethereum 2.0, suna nuna alƙawari don magance waɗannan iyakokin. Kwatanta tsakanin Ethereum, Parity, da Hyperledger Fabric ya nuna yadda zaɓin gine-gine ke tasiri sosai halayen aiki.

Ta fuskar sarrafa bayanai, tsarin blockchain yana wakiltar sauyin tsari a yadda muke tunkarar rarraba sarrafa ma'amala. Ba kamar bayanan gargajiya masu bin ka'idar ACID waɗanda suka dogara da amintattun yanayi ba, dole ne tsarin blockchain suyi aiki a cikin saitunan jurewar Byzantine. Wannan bambanci na asali yana bayyana yawancin gibin aikin da aka gani a cikin binciken. Ƙirar lissafin da aka gabatar, musamman game da yuwuwar yarjejeniya da tsaron rubutun sirri, suna ba da ingantattun tsare-tsare don fahimtar waɗannan cinikayen ta hanyar ƙidaya.

Idan aka duba gaba, haɗa blockchain tare da sauran fasahohi masu tasowa kamar hujjojin rashin sani (kamar yadda aka aiwatar a Zcash) da lissafin kashe layi (kamar a cikin Lightning Network) yana ba da dama masu ban sha'awa don inganta aiki. Nassoshin lokutan karɓar masana'antu, gami da hasashen J.P. Morgan na maye gurbin abubuwan more rayuwa nan da 2020, suna jaddada mahimmancin aikin wannan binciken. Yayin da fasahar blockchain ta girma, muna iya sa ran ci gaba da haɗuwa tsakanin blockchain da ka'idojin ƙira na bayanai, mai yuwuwa haifar da tsarin gauraye waɗanda ke ba da mafi kyawun duniya biyu.

7 Nassoshi

1. Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
2. Bernstein, P. A., et al. (1987). Sarrafa Haɗin gwiwa da Waraka a Tsarin Bayanai
3. Gray, J., & Reuter, A. (1993). Sarrafa Ma'amala: Ra'ayoyi da Dabarun
4. Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum: Dandamali na Kwangila Mai Wayo na Gaba da Rarraba Aikace-aikace
5. Cachin, C. (2016). Tsarin Gine-ginen Hyperledger Blockchain
6. Gartner (2023). Tsarin Hype Cycle don Fasahar Blockchain
7. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (2022). Maganin Aikin Blockchain
8. Zhu et al. (2021). Aikace-aikacen Hujjar Rashin Sani a Tsarin Blockchain